Mia Carlson - Chloroplasts

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956

Main Ideas:

• Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells
• They are found on the leaves of a plant
• They carry out photosynthesis
• They have a green pigment inside of them called chlorophyll
• Contain thylakoids, which are discs inside of it

Reflection:

• I learned that chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, and what is inside of them.

By: Mia Carlson

Scientific Method

Scientific Method

The scientific method is a stepped process used during scientific experiments that is meant to explore observations and uses a question and answer process to test for results.

Steps of the Scientific Method:

Problem: The problem is what you are looking to figure out during your actually experiment, or the basis.
Research: Rather than going straight to an experiment you want to conduct research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past.
Hypothesis: A hypothesis is an educated guess used to state your inference on how the experiment with result.
Run Experiment: Running the experiment is the process of testing your hypothesis in order to get to your conclusions. During the experiment there is always a dependent variable which is what you measure, and an independent variable which is what you purposely change. Then you must also key a control or a constant in order to set a baseline and run the experiment.
Analyze/Conclusion: The conclusion or analysis of the experiment is when you examine the results of experiment and look back to see if your hypothesis was correct.

Citations:

-Science Buddies. “Steps of the Scientific Method.” Science Buddies, Science Buddies, 7 Feb. 2019, www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method.
-“The Scientific Method.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biology-and-the-scientific-method/a/the-science-of-biology.

Function, Structure & Types of RNA

Function, Structure & Types of RNA

~RNA=Ribonucleic Acid~

Fact

• Ribonucleotide in the RNA chain contains ribose(Sugar)

• Ribosomes are composed mostly of RNA

• Ribosomes compose up to about 60% of ribosomes 

by mass and providing the location where the mRNA binds

• The smallest RNA is usually about 70-90 nucleotides long

• Viruses may use RNA as it's genome 

Functions, Structure & Types 

The 3 main types of RNA are Messenger RNA (mRNA), 

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)

	mRNA	rRNA	tRNA
Structure	short, unstable, single-standard RNA, corresponds with gene encoded within DNA	Long, stable RNA, molecules composing of 60% of ribosomes mass	Short (70-90 nucleotides), stable RNA with base pairing. Contains amino acids and binding sites
Function	In between DNA and proteins; used by ribosomes to direct synthesis of proteins	Ensures the proper mRNA,tRNA, ribosomes during protein synthesis	Carries the correct amino acids to the active site of protein synthesis in the ribosomes

OpenStax. “Microbiology.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/structure-and-function-of-rna/.

Aryal, Sagar. “RNA- Properties, Structure, Types and Functions.” Microbiology Notes, 31 Aug. 2018, microbenotes.com/rna-properties-structure-types-and-functions/.

Symbiotic Relationship: Mutualism

Types of Symbiotic Relationships:
1. Commensalism
2. Mutualism
3. Parasitism

What is Mutualism?
- A relationship in which both animal and plant benefit.

Examples of Mutualism:
- Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat other parasites that live on their skin.
-Ants and Aphids: Aphids suck sugar from the plants and the ants eat the leftovers and the ants protect the Aphids during the night.
-Ostrich and Zebra, they help each other see, eat and smell.

Citation: https://www.birdnote.org/show/oxpeckers-and-mutualism

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis occurs in plants.
• The organelle it occurs in is the chloroplast.
• The picture above has the equation for Photosynthesis in word form.
• Balance Equation = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sun --> C6H12O6 +6O2
• Reactants - Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O), and Sun
• Products - Glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)
• Glucose is the primary product and Oxygen is the byproduct.

I already knew about the process of Photosynthesis but I did learn what the balanced equation is and the reactants and the products. I enjoyed learning about this objective because it is something that we have known for so long, we just went into further detail.

Ducksters.com. (2019). Biology for Kids: Photosynthesis. [online] Available at: https://www.ducksters.com/science/photosynthesis.php [Accessed 24 Mar. 2019].

Alexa Sanders

Cell Organelles: Vacuoles: Makayla Puckhaber

Cell Organelles: Vacuoles 

What are Vacuoles? Vacuoles are large organelles for storing water and salts.

How many vacuoles does a plant cell have? A plant cell has one vacuole.

How many vacuoles does an animal cell have? An animal cell has many vacuoles. 

- Plant cells vacuole is usually bigger than animal cells vacuoles. 

I learned that vacuoles are large organelles for storing things like water and salts. I also learned that they can be in plant and animal cells, but they're bigger in plant cells but animal cells have more.  

Studios, Andrew Rader. “Vacuoles - Storage Bins to the Cells.” Biology Basics, www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html.

Cell Organelle: Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is inside both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and it is made up of lipids and proteins and they create the phospholipid bilayer, it surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell, it is semipermeable to ions. Plasma membrane protects the cell from its external environment and transmits cellular signals. Plasma membranes have to be flexible so cells such as, red blood cells and white blood cells, can change shape as they move through capillaries.



Summary: The plasma membrane is important to cells because it protects them and allows cells to move throughout organisms. It is a phosphate bilayer that allows ions to enter a cell.

Molly King


https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/components-and-structure/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane